Mubarak could face the death penalty if he is found guilty of ordering the use of lethal force against the demonstrators.
The former president's security chief and six top police officers are also on trial.
Almost 850 people were killed in the 18-day mass protests.
Law professor at Ain Shams university in Cairo, Dr. Ramadan Batikh, said it was unheard of for a former Arab president to be tried.